What is "Japanese-Style School Education in 2021"? Explanation of Japanese-style school education, future direction, and use of ICT
Have you ever heard the term “Reiwa-style Japanese School Education”? While those involved in education likely hear it frequently, most readers of this article probably haven’t heard of it—or may have heard the term but don’t know the details. In this article, we’ll provide an easy-to-understand overview of “Reiwa-era Japanese-style school education,” covering everything from its achievements and challenges to future directions and the basic principles behind the use of ICT. If you’re interested in what kind of education the children who will support Japan’s future will receive, please be sure to refer to this article. About “Reiwa-Era Japanese-Style Education” To begin with, the term “Reiwa-Era Japanese-Style School Education” originated from the Central Council for Education (CCE), an organization of experts established under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Simply put, when the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology—who oversees educational administration—wishes to enact important policies, they first seek the Council’s opinion through a process called “consultation.” The Council then holds repeated deliberations and publishes a report in the form of a “recommendation.” The term “Reiwa-style Japanese School Education” was introduced in the “report” compiled in January Reiwa 3 by the Central Council for Education, which plays a crucial role in the future of Japanese education. [Reference] Aiming to Build “Reiwa-style Japanese School Education” – Realizing Individualized, Optimal Learning and Collaborative Learning to Unlock the Potential of All Children (Recommendation) | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology: What Is “Reiwa-Style Japanese Education”? So, what exactly is “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education”? Let’s examine its outline based on the recommendation compiled by the Central Council for Education. Even in an era that is becoming increasingly complex and unpredictable, it is essential to nurture children’s qualities and abilities. It is considered essential to achieve this through the “steady implementation of the new Course of Study” and the “utilization of ICT.” Furthermore, based on the role Japanese school education has played and its achievements to date, new initiatives are emerging. Taking these factors into account, the school education system we aim to realize throughout the 2020s is defined as “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education.” Qualities and Abilities to Be Cultivated in the Future: Social changes, such as “Society 5.0” (*1), are accelerating, and we are entering an era of increasing unpredictability due to factors like the spread of COVID-19. What are the qualities and competencies that should be nurtured in this rapidly changing society? In the report compiled by the Central Council for Education, it is stated that the steady implementation of the new curriculum guidelines and the effective use of ICT are required to foster the following qualities and competencies: To enable each student to recognize their own strengths and potential, while respecting all others as valuable individuals To enable students to overcome various social changes through collaboration with diverse people, carve out fulfilling lives, and become creators of a sustainable society *1 What is Society 5.0? A term referring to a new society following the hunting society (Society 1.0), agricultural society (Society 2.0), industrial society (Society 3.0), and information society (Society 4.0) (Cabinet Office: Society 5.0) Return to Table of Contents What Is Japanese-Style School Education? Before considering “Japanese-Style School Education in the Reiwa Era,” we will first introduce what Japanese-style school education was like up until the Heisei era. In its “Report,” the Central Council for Education defines Japanese-style school education as a system that holistically fosters children’s intellectual, moral, and physical development. Intellectual, moral, and physical development are defined as follows: Intellect: Guaranteeing learning opportunities and academic achievement; Virtue: Guaranteeing holistic development and growth; Physical Health: Guaranteeing physical and mental well-being. Since the promulgation of the “School System” in Meiji 5 (1872), enrollment rates remained low during the early stages of the compulsory education system. Under these circumstances, the common curriculum consisted of only the bare minimum—such as “reading, writing, and arithmetic”—and a grade-based system (strict adherence to the curriculum for promotion to the next grade) was in place. Around Meiji 23 (1890), a curriculum system was established to foster “Intellect, Morality, and Physical Health” as an integrated whole, and the concept of the “class” as a social group was formalized. From the early 20th century onward, as enrollment rates rose, the grade-and-class system (based on age) became widespread. After World War II, beginning in Shōwa 20 (1945), the School Education Act established the foundations of the school education system that continues to this day, with a nine-year period of compulsory education. Furthermore, systems were put in place to ensure equal educational opportunities and to maintain and improve educational standards, making high-quality school education accessible everywhere in the country. To date, schools have played a major role not only in academic instruction but also in student guidance; by comprehensively assessing students’ circumstances and providing guidance accordingly, a Japanese-style school education system has been established that fosters intellectual, moral, and physical development as an integrated whole. The report also outlines the achievements and challenges of the Japanese-style school education system to date, so let’s take a closer look. Achievements of the Japanese School Education System The report cites the following three points regarding the achievements of the Japanese school education system: World-class academic achievement; a narrowing of regional disparities in academic achievement; and a high level of ethical awareness and moral character. Schools play a vital role not only in academic instruction but also in student guidance. The Japanese school system is highly regarded internationally for its approach of comprehensively assessing students’ circumstances and providing guidance accordingly. According to an education policy review by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), Japanese students and adults rank among the top performers among OECD countries. It is said that the success of Japan’s education system stems from its provision of a wide-ranging, holistic education that includes school lunches and extracurricular activities. Furthermore, the “Heisei 31 (Reiwa 1) National Academic Achievement and Learning Status Survey” reported that the gap between the average correct answer rate in prefectures with lower academic performance and the national average has narrowed. [Reference] Heisei 31 (Reiwa 1) National Survey on Academic Achievement and Learning Conditions: The Role of Schools Reaffirmed Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic The spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) led to temporary school closures, prompting a renewed recognition of the role of schools. The following three points have been cited regarding this reaffirmed role: Guaranteeing learning opportunities and academic achievement; ensuring holistic development and growth; and safeguarding physical and mental health (providing a safe and secure place to belong and a safety net). With the temporary school closures, it was reaffirmed that schools not only play a role in ensuring learning opportunities and academic achievement but also in ensuring holistic development and growth, as well as fulfilling a welfare-oriented role as a safe haven and safety net. At the same time, it is clear that these three points represent the strengths of the traditional Japanese school education system. Challenges Facing the Japanese School System: Schools today are facing the following six challenges: Increasing diversity among children; declining student motivation to learn; teacher burnout due to long working hours; a lag in responding to the accelerating pace of digitalization; a declining birthrate and aging population; and population decline; and challenges brought to light by the spread of COVID-19. Numerous issues have been identified, including an increase in the number of students enrolled in special education schools and special education classes in elementary and junior high schools, a rise in the number of foreign students, a rise in the relative poverty rate among children under 18, and an increase in the number of students experiencing bullying or school refusal. Against this backdrop, schools are expected to ensure that all children can attend with peace of mind and enjoyment, and to assume a greater role in providing welfare support and serving as a safe space for children than ever before. Furthermore, a survey of public schools conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) during the COVID-19 pandemic [MEXT, “Status of Instructional Guidance, etc., in Public Schools in Light of the Impact of COVID-19 (as of June 23, Reiwa 2) | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology”], revealed that due to insufficient ICT infrastructure and other factors, the implementation rate of “simultaneous, two-way online instruction” remained at only 15 percent among public school operating authorities. Schools are expected to ensure that students and teachers actively utilize ICT on a daily basis and to implement measures to safeguard children’s learning opportunities during emergencies. New Developments in Japanese-Style School Education “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” aims to realize a new era of school education that builds upon and further develops the strengths of traditional Japanese-style school education. The following three initiatives are identified as new steps toward future educational development: Full Implementation of the New Curriculum Guidelines; Work-Style Reform in Schools; and the GIGA School Initiative. Steady Implementation of the New Curriculum Guidelines: The Curriculum Guidelines are standards for the educational curriculum established by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and revised every 10 years. They have been fully implemented in elementary schools since the 2020 school year and in junior high schools since the 2021 school year, and will be implemented in high schools on a phased basis starting in the 2022 school year. Work-Style Reform in Schools Recently, issues such as long working hours among teaching staff have come under scrutiny, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) is currently working to resolve these problems. Specific initiatives include strict management of working hours, clarification and rationalization of duties, as well as improvements to faculty staffing levels and the expanded deployment of specialized staff and external personnel. The GIGA School Initiative The GIGA School Initiative is a program by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to provide every student nationwide with a computer and high-speed network access. The reform is being promoted on three pillars: not only the development of hardware infrastructure but also “software” such as digital textbooks and AI (artificial intelligence) drills that allow students to focus on areas where they struggle, as well as the strengthening of “instructional systems” that utilize external personnel such as regionally trained instructors and ICT support staff. Return to Table of Contents “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” to Be Realized Throughout the 2020s In its report, the Central Council for Education outlined the vision for “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education”—a form of school education to be realized throughout the 2020s—as “the realization of individualized, optimal learning and collaborative learning that brings out the potential of all children.” Furthermore, the vision to be realized is summarized from three perspectives, which we will examine next. The Three Perspectives of “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” The following items are considered essential for realizing “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education.” Children’s Learning: “Individualized learning” and “collaborative learning” are integrated and fully developed; the desired learning outcomes for each school level are realized. The Role of Teachers and Staff: They embrace environmental changes with a positive attitude and continuing to learn throughout their teaching careers; fulfilling their role as teachers who maximize the learning potential of each individual child; and possessing the ability to serve as guides who support children’s independent learning; An environment that supports children’s learning and school staff: Enhancing instruction and support, and school administration has been streamlined. An educational environment that supports learning in this new era has been established. Attractive educational environments have been realized even in areas experiencing population decline. Moving away from the “correct-answerism” and “pressure to conform” that have characterized past social structures, we are placing emphasis on realizing a school education system that centers on each individual child while acknowledging the diversity of every student. [Reference] Aiming to Build “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” (Report) [General Overview] | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology: The Nature of Children’s Learning in “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” While “individualized learning” and “collaborative learning” may seem contradictory at first glance, this report indicates that the key lies in appropriately combining the strengths of both. Individualized Learning: While striving to enhance “instruction tailored to the individual” through innovations in teaching methods and instructional systems, efforts will also be made to utilize ICT environments and establish a system of attentive, small-group instruction. Collaborative Learning: To ensure that “individualized learning” does not devolve into “isolated learning,” students should engage in inquiry-based learning and experiential activities while collaborating with others and respecting them as valuable individuals, thereby combining different perspectives to foster better learning. It has been noted that ICT is indispensable for realizing these two forms of learning, and it can be said that schools are currently undergoing a transformation. Return to Table of Contents: Future Directions for Building “Reiwa-Era Japanese-Style School Education” To holistically nurture the intellectual, moral, and physical development of all children—regardless of regional differences or family economic circumstances—it is essential to carry forward the role that Japanese-style school education has traditionally played. Furthermore, to realize “Reiwa-Era Japanese-Style School Education,” reforms must be advanced in the following directions: Refine, reduce, and prioritize the scope, content, and volume of the duties, roles, and instruction performed by schools and teachers; Support children’s growth as a unified whole through collaboration and cooperation between schools and local communities; Implement an educational approach that avoids “binary oppositions” and appropriately combines and leverages the strengths of both options┗ Lecture-style instruction or individualized learning┗ Digital or analog┗ Course-based or competency-based learning┗ Remote/Online or In-Person/Offline: The report calls for the steady advancement of the PDCA cycle for these educational policies, and it states that the Central Council for Education—primarily through its Subcommittee on Elementary and Secondary Education—will conduct the necessary evaluations. Six Directions for Reform: To realize “individualized learning” and “collaborative learning” that bring out the potential of all children, the following six specific directions have been outlined: Enhance the quality, diversity, and inclusivity of school education to achieve equal educational opportunities; Implement school management based on collaboration and division of labor; Achieve an optimal combination of existing practices and ICT; Appropriately combine credit-based and competency-based systems; Ensure learning continues even in the face of infectious diseases, disasters, and other crises; Amid changes in social structure, realizing sustainable and engaging school education. To ensure high-quality and engaging school education in rural areas while looking toward the future, it is necessary to examine school placement, facility maintenance and management, and methods of collaboration among schools. Return to Table of Contents Basic Approach to ICT Utilization in “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” ICT is indispensable as a fundamental tool for school education. Based on the fundamental approach of optimally combining existing practices with ICT, the following three points are considered essential for realizing school education appropriate for the Society 5.0 era: Resolving various challenges in school education and leading to improved educational quality; consciously applying the PDCA cycle to appropriately verify and analyze effectiveness; and taking care to ensure that the use of ICT does not become an end in itself. Given that Japanese school education has lagged significantly behind internationally in the use of ICT, it will be necessary to resolve various challenges, bring about significant changes in future school education, and thereby lead to improved educational quality. [Reference] Aiming to Build “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” (Report) [Overview] | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) Improving the Quality of School Education Based on the basic principles regarding the use of ICT, the following three specific directions are outlined for improving the quality of school education: ① Utilization of ICT to Improve the Quality of School Education: ICT should be utilized to improve classroom instruction in order to realize self-directed, interactive, and deep learning, while also enabling learning activities that were previously impossible and enriching learning outside of school, such as at home. This includes providing attentive support to students with special needs and offering advanced learning opportunities to nurture individual talents, providing instruction tailored to each individual student. ② Enhancing Teachers’ Qualifications and Competencies for ICT Utilization: Create an environment where teachers can acquire the necessary qualifications and competencies through the entire teacher training and professional development process. Teacher training universities and faculties will play a central role in building teacher training models suited to the new era and serving as the core of a network of teachers committed to continuous classroom improvement. ③ Approach to ICT Infrastructure Development: The devices deployed under the GIGA School Initiative are designed to access the cloud and utilize various services. We aim to realize a “one device per student” environment at each school level (elementary, middle, and high school), and it is desirable for students to take their devices home. Looking ahead to the nine years of compulsory education, it is important to utilize the “one device per student” model to accumulate, analyze, and utilize learning histories, as well as to enhance detailed, personalized instruction tailored to each student’s characteristics and level of learning retention. Furthermore, it will be necessary to systematically develop the systems, facilities, and equipment that support learning in this new era—including measures to ensure physical distancing in line with the “new normal,” new instructional frameworks, and securing teaching staff. Return to Table of Contents Summary To summarize the points explained above, “Reiwa-era Japanese-style School Education” can be expressed as: Japanese-style School Education + New Trends = Reiwa-era Japanese-style School Education. Furthermore, “Reiwa-era Japanese-style school education” can be defined as the use of ICT to realize individualized, optimal learning and collaborative learning that brings out the potential in every child. Understanding the overview of “Reiwa-Style Japanese School Education” presented here may serve as a useful reference not only for those in school education but also for anyone involved in various forms of education as they consider the future direction of education. To help realize “Reiwa-style Japanese School Education,” we recommend the e-learning system “learningBOX.” learningBOX offers a complete suite of features, including the creation and distribution of instructional materials, grade management, and learner management. Its key advantage is that anyone can easily set up a web-based learning environment. Since a free plan is available, you can easily test the system to see what benefits it offers. If you’re looking to reduce the workload on teachers while improving the quality of education through digitalization, we encourage you to start with a free trial. ▼ Also Recommended! Related Articles Return to Table of Contents